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infection control

Isolation Procedures and Transmission-Based Precautions

Isolation and transmission-based precautions prevent the spread of specific infections, layered on top of standard precautions.

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Key Points to Know

What you must know about Isolation Procedures

1

Transmission-based precautions are used in addition to standard precautions.

2

The three categories are contact, droplet, and airborne precautions.

3

Airborne precautions (e.g., TB, measles) require a negative-pressure room and an N95 respirator.

4

Droplet precautions (e.g., meningitis, influenza) require a surgical mask within about 1 metre.

5

Contact precautions (e.g., MRSA, C. difficile) require gloves and gowns and dedicated equipment.

6

Explain isolation to the patient to reduce anxiety and feelings of stigma.

NMCN Exam Tips

How this topic appears in the NMCN exam

Airborne = N95 respirator + negative-pressure room (TB, measles).

Droplet = surgical mask (influenza, meningitis).

Contact = gloves and gown (MRSA, C. difficile).

Transmission-based precautions are ADDED to standard precautions.

Practice Question

Test yourself

A patient is admitted with pulmonary tuberculosis. Which type of precaution and protective equipment is MOST appropriate?

A.Contact precautions with gloves only
B.Droplet precautions with a surgical mask
C.Airborne precautions with an N95 respirator✓ Correct
D.Standard precautions only

Explanation

Pulmonary tuberculosis spreads via airborne droplet nuclei, so airborne precautions are required: a negative-pressure isolation room and an N95 (or higher) respirator for staff, in addition to standard precautions.

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